i.e. -> id est. Usually translated to English as "That is". Implying that subject is the definite case.

Stealing from wiktionary: "The three U.S. states on the west coast have mild seasonal variations in temperature (i.e., warm winters and cool summers)."

e.g. -> exempli gratia. Usually translated to English as "For example". Implying that the subject is simply one example of many.

Stealing from wiktionary again: "Continents (e.g., Asia) contain many large bodies of water."